A Dual-Cation Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer for Continuous H2 Production from Seawater.

Direct seawater splitting (DSS) offers an aspirational route toward green hydrogen (H2) production but remains challenging when operating in a practically continuous manner, mainly due to the difficulty in establishing the water supply-consumption balance under the interference from impurity ions. A DSS system is reported for continuous ampere-level H2 production by coupling a dual-cation exchange membrane (CEM) three-compartment architecture with a circulatory electrolyte design. Monovalent-selective CEMs decouple the transmembrane water migration from interferences of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions while maintaining ionic neutrality during electrolysis; the self-loop concentrated alkaline electrolyte ensures the constant gradient of water chemical potential, allowing a specific water supply-consumption balance relationship in a seawater-electrolyte-H2 sequence to be built among an expanded current range. Even paired with commercialized Ni foams, this electrolyzer (model size: 2 × 2 cm2) continuously produces H2 from flowing seawater with a rate of 7.5 mL min-1 at an industrially relevant current of 1.0 A over 100 h. More importantly, the energy consumption can be further reduced by coupling more efficient NiMo/NiFe foams (≈6.2 kWh Nm-3 H2 at 1.0 A), demonstrating the potential to further optimize the continuous DSS electrolyzer for practical applications.

Ultrathin High-Entropy Fe-Based Spinel Oxide Nanosheets with Metalloid Band Structures for Efficient Nitrate Reduction towards Ammonia.

Spinel oxides with tunable chemical compositions have emerged as versatile electrocatalysts, however their performance is greatly limited by small surface area and low electron conductivity. Here, we rationally design ultrathin high-entropy Fe-based spinel oxides nanosheets (i.e., (Co0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2Mg0.2Cu0.2)Fe2O4; denotes A5Fe2O4) in thickness of ∼4.3 nm with large surface area and highly exposed active sites via a modified sol-gel method. Theoretic and experimental results confirm that the bandgap of A5Fe2O4 nanosheets is significantly smaller than that of ordinary Fe-based spinel oxides, realizing the transformation of binary spinel oxide from semiconductors to metalloids. As a result, such A5Fe2O4 nanosheets manifest excellent performance for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3 -RR) to ammonia (NH3), with a NH3 yield rate of ∼2.1 mmol h-1 cm-2 at -0.5 V versus Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE), outperforming other spinel-based electrocatalysts. Systematic mechanism investigations reveal that the NO3 -RR is mainly occurred on Fe sites, and introducing high-entropy compositions in tetrahedral sites regulates the adsorption strength of N and O-related intermediates on Fe for boosting the NO3 -RR. The above findings offer a high-entropy platform to regulate the bandgap and enhance the electrocatalytic performance of spinel oxides. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Bovine Colostrum miR-30a-5p Targets the NF-κB Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common disease of the digestive system, and an excessive immune response mediated by the nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway is an essential etiology. Recent studies have found that bovine milk exosomes can improve intestinal mucosal health by delivering microRNA (miRNA), but the mechanism of action is so far unknown. In the present study, we analyzed the differential expression profiles of miRNA in colostrum and mature milk exosomes using high-throughput sequencing, based on the demonstration that colostrum exosomes inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal epithelial NF-κB inflammatory pathway better than mature milk exosomes. The bta-miR-30a-5p, which is specifically highly expressed in colostrum, was screened, and its predicted target gene TRAM was found to be closely related to the NF-κB signaling pathway by functional enrichment analysis. Further, we used gene overexpression and silencing techniques and found that the bta-miR-30a-5p transfection treatment was confirmed to inhibit LPS-induced NF-κB signaling pathway activation and downstream pro-inflammatory factor expression, while the expression of its potential target gene, TRAM, was also suppressed. It is hypothesized that the high expression of bta-miR-30a-5p in colostrum, which targets TRAM to inhibit the downstream NF-κB inflammatory pathway, may be one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for its superior effect on resisting inflammatory attack compared to mature milk.

Pharmacogenetic intervention improves treatment outcomes in Chinese adult men with schizophrenia.

To investigate the clinical application value of pharmacogenetic testing in individualized drug therapy for adult male patients with schizophrenia. A total of 186 adult patients with schizophrenia were enrolled and randomised into the pharmacogenetic (PGx) intervention group and the standard care group. In the PGx intervention group, PGx testing was performed, and the medication regimen was adjusted according to the results of the pharmacogenomic analysis. In contrast, in the standard care group, patients were treated according to the physician's medication experience. Differences in the primary indicator of schizophrenia, the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), and the secondary efficacy measures, the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale (CGI-SI) and Clinical Global Impressions-Global Improvement (CGI-GI) scale, were compared between the intervention and standard care groups. At baseline, the PGx intervention group consisted of 109 individuals, while the standard care group had 77 participants. After 12 weeks of treatment, 49 individuals withdrew from the PGx group (a dropout rate of 45.0%), and 34 withdrew from the standard care group (a dropout rate of 44.2%), with no significant difference in dropout rates between the two groups. The PANSS score reduction rate in the PGx intervention group significantly exceeded that of the standard care group during weeks 3, 6, and 12 of follow-up (P < 0.05). At the 12th week, the PGx intervention group achieved a treatment response rate of 81.7%, significantly surpassing the 48.8% of the standard care group (odds ratio of 4.67, 95% confidence interval of 1.96-11.41; P = 0.001). Furthermore, the PGx intervention was significantly more effective than standard care regardless of whether the patient had a first episode or a relapse (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores and the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) score changes in the PGx intervention group were both significantly different from those in the standard care group (P < 0.05). It is noteworthy that the PGx intervention similarly improves the prognostic outcomes for patients with and without a family history of mental disorders. In conclusion, the application of a PGx intervention treatment model based on PGx testing can significantly improve medication efficacy and shorten the time to achieve the effects of medication in schizophrenia.

Roles of TRP and PIEZO receptors in autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune diseases are pathological autoimmune reactions in the body caused by various factors, which can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. They can be divided into organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. These diseases usually involve various body systems, including the blood, muscles, bones, joints and soft tissues. The transient receptor potential (TRP) and PIEZO receptors, which resulted in David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2021, attracted people's attention. Most current studies on TRP and PIEZO receptors in autoimmune diseases have been carried out on animal model, only few clinical studies have been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to review existing studies on TRP and PIEZO to understand the roles of these receptors in autoimmune diseases, which may help elucidate novel treatment strategies.

A Molecular-Sieving Interphase Towards Low-Concentrated Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries are known for poor rechargeability because of the competitive water decomposition reactions and the high electrode solubility. Improvements have been reported by salt-concentrated and organic-hybridized electrolyte designs, however, at the expense of cost and safety. Here, we report the prolonged cycling of ASIBs in routine dilute electrolytes by employing artificial electrode coatings consisting of NaX zeolite and NaOH-neutralized perfluorinated sulfonic polymer. The as-formed composite interphase exhibits a molecular-sieving effect jointly played by zeolite channels and size-shrunken ionic domains in the polymer matrix, which enables high rejection of hydrated Na+ ions while allowing fast dehydrated Na+ permeance. Applying this coating to electrode surfaces expands the electrochemical window of a practically feasible 2 mol kg-1 sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate aqueous electrolyte to 2.70 V and affords Na2MnFe(CN)6//NaTi2(PO4)3 full cells with an unprecedented cycling stability of 94.9% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C. Combined with emerging electrolyte modifications, this molecular-sieving interphase brings amplified benefits in long-term operation of ASIBs.

Podocan promoting skeletal muscle post-injury regeneration by inhibiting TGF-ß signaling pathway.

Podocan, the fifth member of Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycan (SLRP) family of extracellular matrix components, is poorly known in muscle development. Previous studies have shown that Podocan promotes C2C12 differentiation in mice. In this study, we elucidated the effect of Podocan on skeletal muscle post-injury regeneration and its underlying mechanism. Injection of Podocan protein promoted the process of mice skeletal muscle post-injury regeneration. This effect seemed to be from the acceleration of muscle satellite cell differentiation in vivo. Meanwhile, Podocan promoted myogenic differentiation in vitro by binding with TGF-ß1 to inhibit the activity of the TGF-ß signaling pathway. These results indicated that Podocan had the potential roles to enhance skeletal muscle post-injury regeneration. Its mechanism is likely the regulation of the expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad4 related to the TGF-ß signaling pathway by interacting with TGF-ß1.

Cardiovascular and renal safety outcomes of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat for anemia patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the cardiac and kidney-related adverse effects of roxadustat for the treatment of anemia in CKD patients. 18 trials with a total of 8806 participants were identified for analysis. We employed a fixed-effects model for analysis. The pooled result revealed no significant difference in the risk of occurrence of cardiac disorders when comparing CKD patients receiving roxadustat with the placebo (RR = 1.049; CI [0.918 to 1.200]) or ESA (RR = 1.066; CI [0.919 to 1.235]), in both dialysis-dependent (DD) (RR = 1.094; CI [0.925 to 1.293]) or non-dialysis-dependent (NDD) (RR = 1.036; CI [0.916 to 1.171]) CKD patients. No significant difference was observed in the risk of kidney-related adverse events when comparing roxadustat with the placebo (RR = 1.088; CI [0.980 to 1.209]) or ESA (RR = 0.968; CI [0.831 to 1.152]), in DD (RR = 2.649; CI [0.201 to 34.981]) or NDD (RR = 1.053; CI [0.965 to 1.149]) CKD patients. A high risk of hyperkalemia was observed in the roxadustat group in DD (RR = 0.939; CI [0.898 to 0.981]). Incidence of hypertension was higher in the roxadustat for NDD patients (RR = 1.198; CI [1.042 to 1.377]), or compared to the placebo (RR = 1.374; CI [1.153 to 1.638]). In summary, the risk of cardiac or kidney-related events observed in the roxadustat was not significantly increase whether in DD or NDD patients. However, attention must be paid to the occurrence of hyperkalemia for DD patients and hypertension in NDD patients using roxadustat.

Association of HTR1A Gene Polymorphisms with Efficacy and Plasma Concentrations of Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Male Patients with Schizophrenia.

Purpose: We investigate the association of HTR1A rs10042486 and rs6295 with efficacy and plasma concentrations of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of male patients with schizophrenia. Patients and Methods: A total of 140 male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who were treated with any single atypical antipsychotic between May 2020 and May 2022 were retrospectively included. Clinical symptoms were assessed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). All SNPs were typed using Agena Bioscience MassARRAY DNA mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of antipsychotics at week 3, 6 and 12 after treatment commence were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Results: For efficacy of atypical antipsychotics, we observed no significant difference between HTR1A rs10042486, rs6295 and positive symptom improvement, where the patients with heterozygous mutant at the rs10042486 and rs6295 locus were superior to those with wild-type or homozygous mutant genotypes on negative symptom improvement, especially at 12 weeks of follow-up when the difference between genotypes at the rs6295 locus have statistical significance (P = 0.037). For plasma concentration, we found that quetiapine plasma concentrations were significantly lower in patients with mutation-heterozygous types than in wild-type and homozygous mutation genotypes at week 6. In contrast, higher plasma concentrations were found for mutant heterozygous than wild genotypes in the risperidone monotherapy analysis, and the difference among genotypes at the rs6295 locus was statistically significant at 6 weeks of follow-up. Conclusion: The assessment of the correlation of genetic polymorphisms of HTR1A rs6295 and rs10042486 in male patients with schizophrenia with the monitoring of therapeutic drug concentrations and therapeutic efficacy provides a constructive foundation for the clinical individualization of antipsychotics, such as quetiapine and risperidone, which is important in selecting the dose of the medication and improving the improvement of negative symptoms.

Night eating in timing, frequency, and food quality and risks of all-cause, cancer, and diabetes mortality: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of timing, frequency, and food quality of night eating with all-cause, cancer, and diabetes mortality. METHODS: This study included 41,744 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2002-2018). Night eating information was collected by 24-h dietary recall and the exposures were timing, frequency, and food quality of night eating. Food quality was assessed by latent class analysis. The outcomes were all-cause, cancer, and diabetes mortality, which were identified by the National Death Index and the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. Adjusted hazard ratios [aHR] with 95% confidence intervals [CI] were computed by Cox regression. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 8.7 years, 6066 deaths were documented, including 1381 from cancer and 206 from diabetes. Compared with no night eating (eating before 22:00), the later timing of night eating was associated with higher risk of all-cause and diabetes mortality (each P-trend <0.05) rather than cancer mortality, with the highest risk of eating being 00:00-1:00 (aHR 1.38, 95% CI 1.02-1.88) and being 23:00-00:00 (aHR 2.31, 95% CI 1.21-4.40), respectively. However, the increased risks were not observed for 22:00-23:00. Likewise, one time or over frequency of night eating was associated with higher all-cause and diabetes mortality (each P < 0.05). That risks were further observed in high-dietary-energy-density group of night eating (all-cause mortality: aHR 1.21 [95% CI 1.06-1.38]; diabetes mortality: aHR 1.97 [95% CI 1.13-3.45]), but not in low-dietary-energy-density group. Finally, correlation analysis found positive associations of night eating with glycohemoglobin, fasting glucose, and OGTT. CONCLUSIONS: Night eating was associated with increased all-cause, cancer and diabetes mortality; however, reduction of excess mortality risk was observed when eating before 23:00 or low-dietary-energy-density foods.

The ERK-cPLA2-ACSL4 axis mediating M2 macrophages ferroptosis impedes mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease that can be managed with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), the standard treatment for UC. However, the effectiveness of 5-ASA is not always optimal. Our study revealed that despite 5-ASA treatment, cells continued to experience excessive ferroptosis, which may hinder mucosal healing in UC and limit the success of this treatment approach in achieving disease remission. We found that combining 5-ASA with the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 led to a significant inhibition of ferroptosis in macrophages present in the colon tissue, along with an increase in the proportion of M2 macrophages, suggesting that targeting ferroptosis in M2 macrophages could be a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating UC. Our study also demonstrated that M2 macrophages are more susceptible to ferroptosis compared to M1 macrophages, and this susceptibility is associated with the activated arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism pathway mediated by ERK-cPLA2-ACSL4. Additionally, we found that the expression of cPLA2 gene pla2g4a was increased in the colon of UC patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the combination treatment group, as opposed to the 5-ASA treatment group, exhibited the ability to modulate AA metabolism. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of addressing macrophage ferroptosis in order to enhance macrophage anti-inflammation, improve mucosal healing, and achieve better therapeutic outcomes for patients with UC.

Engineering M2 type macrophage-derived exosomes for autoimmune hepatitis immunotherapy via loading siRIPK3.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive liver disease mediated by the immune system that involves an imbalance in pro-inflammatory and regulatory mechanisms including regulatory T cells (Tregs), T helper 17 (Th17) cells, Th1, macrophages, and many other immune cells. Current steroid therapy for AIH has significant systemic side effects and is poorly tolerated by some individuals. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative treatments. Maintaining homeostasis in macrophage differentiation and activation is crucial for regulating immune responses in hepatitis. In this study, we loaded small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) into M2-type macrophage-derived exosomes (M2 Exos) to create functionalized exosomes called M2 Exos/siRIPK3. These exosomes demonstrated a natural ability to target the liver in mice, as they were efficiently taken up by hepatic macrophages and showed significant and stable accumulation. M2 Exos/siRIPK3 effectively mitigated immune-mediated hepatitis by suppressing the expression of RIPK3, resulting in a reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both liver tissues and serum. Additionally, M2 Exos/siRIPK3 exhibited immunomodulatory effects, as its administration resulted in a decreased proportion of hepatic and splenic Th17 cells, along with an increased ratio of Tregs. Overall, this study suggests that loading small molecule drugs onto M2 Exos could be a promising approach for developing immunomodulators that specifically target liver macrophages to treat AIH. This strategy has the potential to provide a safer and more effective alternative to current therapy for AIH patients.

Multifunctional Iron Selenate Sheath of Fe-Based Anode Achieving High-Rate Capacity-Durability Combination of Aqueous Hybrid Energy Storage Devices.

The introduction of battery-type cathode has been commonly considered a preferred approach to boost the energy density of aqueous hybrid energy storage devices (AHESDs) in alkalic systems, but AHESDs with both high energy density and power density are rare due to the great challenge in designing battery-type anode materials with high rate and durability comparable to capacitive-type carbon anodes. In this paper, a well-hydrated iron selenate (FeSeO) sheath is constructed around FeOOH nanorods by a facile electrochemical activation, demonstrating the unique multifunction in fasting charge diffusion, promoting the dissociation of H2 O, and inhibiting the irreversible phase transition of FeOOH to inert γ-Fe2 O3 , which endow the hydrated sheath coated Fe-based anodes with an impressive rate capability and superior durability. Thanks to the comprehensive performance of this Fe-based anode, the assembled AHESD delivered a high energy density of 117 Wh kg-1 with the extraordinary durability of almost 100% capacity retention after 40 000 cycles. Even at an ultrahigh power density of 27 000 W kg-1 , an impressive energy density of 65 Wh kg-1 can be achieved, which rivals previously reported energy-storage devices.

Characterization of complexes of PF4 and heparins by size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle light scattering detector.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune complication of heparin therapy. Antibodies binding to complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin is the trigger of HIT. A method using size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering detector (SEC-MALS) was developed in this work. The soluble ultra-large complex (ULC) was separated from the small complex (SC) and their molecular weights (MWs) were firstly measured. The complexes of PF4 and three heparins with different MW, including unfractionated heparin (UFH), dalteparin (Daltep) and enoxaparin (Eno) were characterized using this method. The contents and the sizes of ULC increased gradually when heparins were added to PF4 to certain amounts. While, they reduced after more heparins were added. It is the first time to measure the MWs of the biggest ULC of PF4-heparins as millions of Dalton. at the proper ratios of PF4 to heparin (PHR). Meanwhile, those mixtures at those certain PHRs induced the higher expression of CD83 and CD14 markers on dendritic cells (DCs) suggesting that they had stronger immunogenicity and is critical for HIT.

Stem Cells Expansion Vector via Bioadhesive Porous Microspheres for Accelerating Articular Cartilage Regeneration.

Stem cell tissue engineering is a potential treatment for osteoarthritis. However, the number of stem cells that can be delivered, loss of stem cells during injection, and migration ability of stem cells limit applications of traditional stem cell tissue engineering. Herein, kartogenin (KGN)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous microspheres is first engineered via emulsification, and then anchored with chitosan through the amidation reaction to develop a new porous microsphere (PLGA-CS@KGN) as a stem cell expansion vector. Following 3D co-culture of the PLGA-CS@KGN carrier with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the delivery system is injected into the capsule cavity in situ. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that PLGA-CS microspheres have a high cell-carrying capacity up to 1 × 104 mm-3 and provide effective protection of MSCs to promote their controlled release in the osteoarthritis microenvironment. Simultaneously, KGN loaded inside the microspheres effectively cooperated with PLGA-CS to induce MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes. Overall, these findings indicate that PLGA-CS@KGN microspheres held high cell-loading ability, adapt to the migration and expansion of cells, and promote MSCs to express markers associated with cartilage repair. Thus, PLGA-CS@KGN can be used as a potential stem cell carrier for enhancing stem cell therapy in osteoarthritis treatment.

Amphiphilic polymeric nanodrug integrated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for synergistic antibacterial and antitumor therapy of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly malignancies that can be influenced by Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), a bacterium that promotes tumor development and chemoresistance, resulting in limited therapeutic efficacy. Traditional antibiotics cannot effectively eliminate Fn at tumor site due to issues like biofilm formation, while chemotherapy alone fails to suppress tumor progression. Therefore, the development of new methods to eliminate Fn and promote antitumor efficacy is of great significance for improving the outcome of CRC treatment. Herein, we developed a nanodrug (OPPL) that integrates oleic acid-modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (O-SPIONs) and an amphiphilic polymer (PPL) to deliver the platinum prodrug and antimicrobial lauric acid (LA) for enhancing the treatment of CRC. We demonstrated that OPPL can synergistically enhance antibacterial and biofilm disruption activities against Fn along with the antimicrobial LA by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through its peroxidase-like activity. Furthermore, the OPPL nanodrug can increase intracellular ROS, promote lipid peroxides and deplete glutathione, leading to ferroptosis. By combining chemotherapy and induced ferroptosis, the OPPL nanodrug exhibited high cytotoxicity against CRC cells. In vivo studies showed that the OPPL nanodrug could enhance tumor accumulation, enable magnetic resonance imaging, suppresse tumor growth, and inhibit growth of intratumor Fn. These results suggest that OPPL is an effective and promising candidate for the treatment of Fn-infected CRC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The enrichment of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) in colorectal cancer is reported to exacerbate tumor malignancy and is particularly responsible for chemoresistance. To this respect, we strategically elaborated multifaceted therapeutics, namely OPPL nanodrug, combining oleic acid-modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (O-SPIONs) with a polymer containing a platinum prodrug and antimicrobial lauric acid. The O-SPION components exert distinctive peroxidase-like activity, capable of stimulating Fenton reactions selectively in the tumor microenvironment, consequently accounting for the progressive production of reactive oxygen species. Hence, O-SPIONs have been demonstrated to not only supplement the antimicrobial activities of lauric acid in overcoming Fn-induced chemoresistance but also stimulate potent tumor ferroptosis. Our proposed dual antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic nanodrug provides an appreciable strategy for managing challenging Fn-infected colorectal cancer.

Induction mechanisms of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer.

In recent years, the incidence of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (II/RI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC) has been gradually increasing, posing significant threats to human health. Autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) play important roles in II/RI. Damage caused by ischemia and cellular stress can activate ERS, which in turn initiates autophagy to clear damaged organelles and abnormal proteins, thereby alleviating ERS and maintaining the intestinal environment. In IBD, chronic inflammation damages intestinal tissues and activates autophagy and ERS. Autophagy is initiated by upregulating ATG genes and downregulating factors that inhibit autophagy, thereby clearing abnormal proteins, damaged organelles, and bacteria. Simultaneously, persistent inflammatory stimulation can also trigger ERS, leading to protein imbalance and abnormal folding in the ER lumen. The activation of ERS can maintain cellular homeostasis by initiating the autophagy process, thereby reducing inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis in the intestine. In CRC, excessive cell proliferation and protein synthesis lead to increased ERS. The activation of ERS, regulated by signaling pathways such as IRE1α and PERK, can initiate autophagy to clear abnormal proteins and damaged organelles, thereby reducing the negative effects of ERS. It can be seen that autophagy and ERS play a crucial regulatory role in the development of intestinal diseases. Therefore, the progress in targeted therapy for intestinal diseases based on autophagy and ERS provides novel strategies for managing intestinal diseases. In this paper, we review the advances in regulation of autophagy and ERS in intestinal diseases, emphasizing the potential molecular mechanisms for therapeutic applications.

Enzyme-Mineralized PVASA Hydrogels with Combined Toughness and Strength for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Enzymatic mineralization is an advanced mineralization method that is often used to enhance the stiffness and strength of hydrogels, but often accompanied by brittle behavior. Moreover, the hydrogel systems with dense networks currently used for enzymatic mineralization are not ideal materials for bone repair applications. To address these issues, two usual bone repair hydrogels, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA), were selected to form a double-network structure through repeated freeze-thawing and ionic cross-linking, followed by enzyme mineralization. The results demonstrated that both enzymatic mineralization and double-network structure improved the mechanical and biological properties and even exhibited synergistic effects. The mineralized PVASA hydrogels exhibited superior comprehensive mechanical properties, with a Young's modulus of 1.03 MPa, a storage modulus of 103 kPa, and an equilibrium swelling ratio of 132%. In particular, the PVASA hydrogel did not suffer toughness loss after mineralization, with a high toughness value of 1.86 MJ/m3. The prepared hydrogels also exhibited superior biocompatibility with a cell spreading area about 13 times that of mineralized PVA. It also effectively promoted cellular osteogenic differentiation in vitro and further promoted the formation of new bone in the femur defect region in vivo. Overall, the enzyme-mineralized PVASA hydrogel demonstrated combined strength and toughness and great potential for bone tissue engineering applications.

High Viscosity Slows the Utilization of Rapidly Fermentable Dietary Fiber by Human Gut Microbiota.

In the present study, the influence of viscosity on the fermentation characteristics of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) by gut microbiota was examined. Different concentrations of methylcellulose (MC) were added to create varying viscosities and the mixture was fermented with FOS by gut microbiota. The results demonstrated that higher viscosity had a significant impact on slowing down the fermentation rate of FOS. Specifically, the addition of 2.5 wt% MC, which had the highest viscosity, resulted in the lowest and slowest production of gas and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indicating that increased viscosity could hinder the breakdown of FOS by gut microbiota. Additionally, the slower fermentation of FOS did not significantly alter the structure of the gut microbiota community compared to that of FOS alone, suggesting that MC could be used in combination with FOS to achieve similar prebiotic effects and promote gut health while exhibiting a slower fermentation rate.

Qilian Formula Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth in a Bone Metastasis Model of Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Bone metastasis is frequently common in advanced lung cancer with the major issue of a pathological fracture. Previous studies suggested that Astragalus membranaceus (Qi) and Ampelopsis japonica (Lian), which are used as folk medicine in China, have potential effects on inhibiting tumor growth and protecting bones, respectively. In this study, an experiment on the inhibitory effect of the Qilian formula (AAF) in vivo was designed to examine tumor growth in bone and osteoclast formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bone metastasis xenograft models were established by implanting NCI-H460-luc2 lung cancer cells into the right tibiae bones of mice. After confirming the model's viability through optical imaging 7 days post-implantation, 2 groups, namely the AAF group and the control group, were administered 0.3 mL of AAF extract (9 g/kg/day) or normal saline via intragastric delivery for a duration of 4 weeks. Throughout the study, we longitudinally assessed tumor burden, bone destruction, and weight-bearing capacity in vivo using reporter gene bioluminescence imaging (BLI), micro-CT, and dynamic weight-bearing (DWB) tests. Mechanistic insights were gained through Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, western blotting, and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Qilian formula produced significant inhibition to the progress of bone destruction and tumor burden in the right tibiae bone in the treatment group. It was further evidenced by molecular imaging in vivo via small animal micro-CT and BLI with parametric quantification, characterizing significantly lower uptake of BLI signal in the treated tumor lesions and improving the pathological changes in the microstructure of bone. Furthermore, DWB tests revealed that Qilian formula treatment significantly maintained the weight-bearing capacity. According to immunohistochemical analysis, the effect of the Qilian formula appeared to involve the suppression of osteoclast formation by lower expression of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Cell apoptosis and death induction were evidenced by a higher percentage of Bal2、BAX and caspase 3 expressions of Qilian formula-treated tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of the Qilian formula on the progression of osteolytic invasion in vivo by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and promoting apoptotic cell death.